(semantics) examines the effective ways of language application, and Rhetoricians try to teach the eloquence skills to others and perceive the mystery of the eloquent speech by extracting the effective principles of utterance. The premise of Persian Dari Rhetoric books is based on the translation of Arabic Rhetorical books with several inserted Persian examples, and has long been quoted the same as a few frequent old examples of the deceased, which indicates that the authors do not properly understand the Rhetoric. In this article, the book "Rhetoric 1 ((semantics))", which is the textbook of the largest university in the country, Payame Noor, was criticized and evaluated in terms of form, content, methodology and theory. Among the merits of the book, it is possible to mention the topics of (semantics) on the basis of the Persian grammar categories. Among its defects, it is possible to mention the imposition of the rules of Arabic Rhetoric on Persian language, the disregard for the dynamics of language, the appropriation of (semantics) to literary language, the old black or white (biased) attitude towards Rhetoric, lack of attention to the work’ s wholeness and inattentiveness to the oral and auditory aspects of language.

One of the main themes in the history of Persian literature is praise which has been used by poets in different ways. Rhetoric scholars have considered praise as a technique with unique characteristics. This research investigated the technique applied in the Rhetorical works of the Persian language by using a descriptive-analytical method. There were a total of 13 arrays of Rhetorical techniques assigned for praise themes, all of which were regarded as Rhetorical semantic techniques. Among them, 3 techniques of Ebdā’ (innovation), Ta’kid alMadh bemā Yashbah al-Dham (emphasis on praising, which is like blaming), and Estedrāk (paradoxical praise) had greater Rhetorical values because of the equivocalness they created in the reader's mind. Still, the technique of Ta’kid alMadh bemā Yashbah al-Dham had been further the focus of Rhetoricians and mentioned in all the Rhetoric books. Among the Rhetorical works, the book of Badāye’ al-Afkār fi Sanāye’ al-Ash’ār mentioned more praise techniques than others (i. e. 9 techniques). What was clear in this regard was the Rhetoricians’ diverse and sometimes disparate opinions in terms of naming, defining, and mentioning examples of the techniques. Introduction One of the main themes in the history of Persian literature is praise which has been used by poets in different ways. As it appears from the history book of Sistan, the first Persian poem has also had a praise theme. Even one of the researchers believes that the history of praise poetry goes back not only to the time of establishing the courts’ power but also to prehistoric times. According to (Shamisa, 2004, p. 256) “praise poetry is somehow rooted in the prayers, praises, and hymns that have been written about the gods and their manifestations in ancient times". The subject of praise is one of the first critical themes in the field of literature and has been the focus of writers and critics. Qudāma ibn Ja’far considered praise as the first goal of poetry in his famous book entitled Naqd al-She'r (critic of poetry) written in the 4th century and has assigned particular characteristics and conditions for praise poetry. “Madiha (eulogy) has several parts as desired by the praisers and it is necessary to focus on the special meaning of each of these parts of praise” (Qudāma ibn Ja'far, n. d, p. 174). In this research, various ways of praising were examined in the authentic Rhetorical works, from Tarjomān al-Balāgheh (Rhetoric translation) to present a new look at Rhetoric. The main goal of the present study was to find out what techniques the court poets had innovated in order to express praise themes and how successful they had been in creating literary beauties. The basis of this research was referring to Persian Rhetorical works though in some cases, the Arabic Rhetorical scholars’ opinions were cited as well. In most of the Persian praise poems, the praised one was one of the persons related to the court, especially the king. For this reason, there were several praise techniques that were dedicated to praising this group. Methodology This research uses a library approach and a descriptive-analytical method. It could be considered the first attempt made in the field of categorizing, criticizing, and analyzing the ways of praising in Persian Rhetoric. Discussion and Results Due to the importance of the subject of praise in the history of Persian poetry, poets have used various methods to praise the praised ones. Rhetoric scholars have considered each of these methods as a separate technique and mentioned some evidence for each of them. It should be said that in this study, only the techniques related to praise themes were taken into account as there were some techniques, which were dedicated to praise and the poets could also express other themes through them. For example, San’at Moghāyira (technique of paradox), which was mentioned in Dorreh Najafi, was believed to be applied for both praising and blaming, or the technique of ‘Edmāj’ that was mentioned in the book of Abda’ al-Badāye was defined as “a technique by which the speaker addresses another issue during conveying his meaning of praise or blame or any other meanings, whether it is related to the first issue or it is of a different kind” (Gorkani, as cited in Ghasemi, 2010, p. 38). Such techniques were not regarded in this research. On the other hand, the characteristics and styles of some techniques, such as Towsim (marked praise) or Hosn-e Takhallos (well-delivered praising) are only used in poetry (although praise has been used in both poetry and prose). Therefore, since Rhetoricians’ dominant focus in providing the related evidence has been on poetry, the approach taken in this study was based on poetry. The analysis of Rhetorical works showed the following 13 arrays or techniques to present praise themes,: 1) Ta’kid al-Madh bemā Yashbah al-Dham (emphasis on a type of praise, which is like blaming), 2) Madh-e Movajjah (excusable praise), 3) Ebdā’ (innovation), 4) Towsim (marked praise), 5) Ettefāq (coincidence), 6) Etterād (successive ancestral praising), 7) Estedrāk (paradoxical praise), 8) Madh-e Mothannā (doubled praise), 9) Tarjih (preference), 10) Hosn-e Takhallos (well-delivered praise), 11) Tasallof (adulatory praise), 12) Jam’e Mo’talef va Mokhtalef (collective and distinctive praise), and 13) Do’ay-e Ta’bid (eternal blessing). Of course, some of these arrays were more focused on by Rhetoricians. Conclusion Out of the Rhetorical techniques, 13 techniques were found to have been used by the speakers presenting praise themes. All these techniques were considered to be Rhetorical semantic techniques. Among them, the 3 techniques of Ebdā’, Ta’kid al-Madh bemā Yashbah al-Dham, and Estedrāk had more Rhetorical values since they created equivocalness in the reader's mind. Accordingly, it could be claimed that the speakers had added to the treasure of Rhetorical techniques in the Persian language by presenting praise themes while creating literary beauties. These 13 techniques were different from those like Edmāj or Moghāyereh (contradiction), which were associated with other themes besides praise. Two techniques of Ta’kid al-Madh bemā Yashbah al-Dham and Madh-e Movajjah were found to be used by Rhetoricians, the former was mentioned in all the Rhetorical books and the latter was used except in Al-Mo’jam. On the other hand, the 3 techniques of Madh-e Mothannā, Tarjih, and Tasallof were mentioned only in one book. Among the Rhetoric scholars, Wā’ez Kāshefi, the author of the book Badaye’ al-Afkār fi Sanāye’ al-Ash’ār paid more attention to these techniques by mentioning 9 of them. The least attention was paid by Shams Qais Rāzi, who mentioned only the 2 techniques of Towsim and Ta’kid al-Madh bemā Yashbah al-Dham. In the meantime, what seemed to be more prominent was the Rhetoricians’ disparity of opinions for naming and defining these techniques. For example, they mention even 5 terms for the technique of Madh-e Movajjah.

Salman Savoji is one of the poets who have widely used the Rhetorical capacities of interrogatives in poetry. Studying Savoji's sonnets through the analysis of the secondary purposes is a way of understanding his composition style and layers of thought. Since in sonnet 521, Savoji uses a Rhetorical question with 39 secondary purposes, it seems necessary to investigate his sonnet from the intentionality perspective of interrogative sentences. The aim of the present study is to investigate and classify the secondary purposes of interrogatives in Savoji's sonnets through an archival descriptive-analytical approach. Findings suggest that the poet’s use of Rhetorical questions pursues four aims; increasing the emotional burden of words, exaggeration, highlighting and emphasizing, reducing command and reprimand and gaining the approval and support of the audiences. Through Rhetorical questions, Savoji has been able to create new meanings with artistic arrangement of vocabulary and the conscious syntactic manipulation. In this manner, he has also been able to make his verse more impressive and increase the influence of his words by creating semantic plurality and multilayered texts and to satisfy the audience by the use and function of such Rhetorical questions.

Metaphor is an expressional and explicative art in which two different expressions juxtapose with each other that result in unity (identity) of opposites. This expressive style represents a new interpretation from two different things that reader or listener cannot feel it by its actual use and we can see a lot of these artistic expressions in Qur’ an. The author of this paper tries to evaluate the elegances of metaphor in Qur’ anic prayers. Initially, the writer defines metaphor and evaluated the causes of its excellence over simile; then, paper is divided into two sections namely, extended and implicit metaphors. In each section, the metaphors that are used in Qur’ anic prayers are extracted and then we discuss their aesthetics effects. The thing that can be resulted at the end is that, the most important aesthetics aspects of metaphors in Qur’ anic prayers are: 1-hyperbole; 2-observance of order and congruence in Ayahs and composing a kind of music in discourse in such a way that speech losses its monotony; 3-Personification (characterization in inanimate objects); 4-admiring appearance and the meaning of word. The thing that is important among all of the Qur’ anic Ayahs is the issue of the Ayahs’ style and texture, in such a way that without considering it we cannot get the meaning and concept of the metaphor. The writer of this paper proposes an analysis of all of the Qur’ anic metaphors using inductive and descriptive method to get a better and more tangible result.

One of the reasons of literary expression and miracles of Quran are its exalted meanings and artistic concepts in the form of Rhetoric. Aesthetic beauty of the holy Quran, whether from the point of view of definitions or and structures are its wonderful and admirable verses. Their expression, interpretations and the application of Rhetorical and literal aspects give this divine book a refreshing and specialized outlook. Also, idioms are one of the literary genres as well as elegant aspect. Expression of complex and hidden facts apparently make the divine verses complex and vague but audiences with their own help and talent as well as wit try to discover and understand those hidden concepts.

It is clear that standing on the Rhetorical glands and clarifying their secrets is one of the most important Qur'anic topics. This study deals with this semantic aspect of the Holy Qur'an in light of one of its Rhetorical arts, which is called "attention". The researcher in this research is not in the process of defining what is stated in the Rhetorical books, such as the definition of "attention" or its designation in the Quranic verses. Rather, it seeks to clarify what has not been mentioned in these books, any indication of this work or its reason and its communication in some of the verses. The "Attitudes and their Significance" played an important role in understanding some of the Qur'anic verses and their interpretation; however, some of the commentators did not refer to the ruling of this work and its reasonableness in their interpretations even though they were in the Arabic language. They seem to have been able to explain some verses of the Koran correctly. The researcher, through his research, realized that the revelation in the Quranic verses has Rhetorical connotations such as: "remembering the right of godliness to worship and vengeance. "; "Exaggerating the positive of obedience and leaving the nerve, and describing the Prophet as an illiterate prophet to praise and increase "The majority of the divine will and its inevitable execution"; "the depiction of the intensity of fear and the monk" and other judgments and convictions. Finally, it should be noted that the approach adopted in this article is the technical approach.

The present article, in eight chapters, deals with one of the newest discourses on methodology of economics. After giving thanks to his colleagues in economics, the writer examines the Rhetoric of economics as a disciplined conversation. Then, the official methodology of economics has been deliberated in this article. On next chapters, the paper suggests that modernism and unofficial Rhetoric of economics are obsolete. That the Rhetoric of economics is a literary and a metaphorical matter, and that the alternative to modernism is not irrationalism, and finally the good of Rhetoric are the last discourses of it.

Some sciences are the precursors of others And in Arabic literature, Rhetorical knowledge that identifies the subtleties, styles and beauties of speech, are helpful to the knowledge that deals with texts and are the tools of their analysis and inference. Jurisprudence, which derives the rules of Islamic law from Qur'an and traditions, requires scientific knowledge and practical application of Rhetorical techniques in the religious texts analysis. What can be useful are jurists' objective patterns in these techniques interaction method and how to use Rhetoric in deriving commands. This article examines the Rhetorical sciences application in jurisprudential interpretive reasoning with a descriptive-analytical method among jurisprudential interpretations and shows in practice how (semantics), Rhetoric and figures of speech are effective in this field. In (semantics) brevity, presentation and delay, in the science of expression, all its types, especially figurative expression, irony and exaggeration, are the items that have been shown to influence how to infer.